2020-11-04T19:46:54Z definition 2020-11-04T19:47:37Z definition source 2020-11-04T22:51:54Z might want to delete before we import ECSO so that there are no conflict issues (usesProtocol already exists in ECSO) usesProtocol 2020-11-04T22:53:03Z adding this object property, but can delete later if not appropriate e.g. of usage for NSIDC sea ice index (a target variable) that is calculated using both ice extent and ice concentration data: axiom = calculatedUsing only (Sea Ice Extent and Sea Ice Concentration) calculatedUsing Vital Signs are indicators of the state of the Arctic environmental system. They are assessed using measurements of and/or proxies for target variables. inferred from https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card 2020-11-04T19:24:38Z Issued annually since 2006, the Arctic Report Card (ARC) is a timely and peer-reviewed source for clear, reliable and concise environmental information on the current state of different components of the Arctic environmental system relative to historical records. The Report Card is intended for a wide audience, including scientists, teachers, students, decision-makers and the general public interested in the Arctic environment and science. Arctic Essays 2020 Snow covering the Arctic land surface, which is characterized by three variables: snow cover extent (how much area is covered by snow), snow cover duration (how long snow continuously remains on the land surface), and snow water equivalent (how much water is stored in solid form by the snowpack; a function of snow depth and density). 2020-11-04T19:42:36Z Terrestrial Snow Cover Indicator Snow covering the Arctic land surface, which is characterized by three variables: snow cover extent (how much area is covered by snow), snow cover duration (how long snow continuously remains on the land surface), and snow water equivalent (how much water is stored in solid form by the snowpack; a function of snow depth and density). adapted from https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/843/Terrestrial-Snow-Cover The quantity of aboveground vegetation in the Arctic tundra. 2020-11-04T19:42:42Z Tundra Greenness Indicator The quantity of aboveground vegetation in the Arctic tundra. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI (http://www.purl.dataone.org/odo/ECSO_00010076) is highly correlated with Tundra Greeness. An air temperature measured two-meters above the land or ocean surface. 2020-11-04T19:42:51Z Surface Air Temperature Indicator A vast body of ice covering 1.71 million km2, roughly 80% of the surface of Greenland. Greenland Ice Sheet Indicator https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glossary/ The process of carbon fixation in the Arctic Ocean, primarily by autotrophic single-celled algae living in sea ice (ice algae) and water column (phytoplankton). 2020-11-04T19:43:13Z Arctic Ocean Primary Productivity Indicator Arctic Ocean Primary Productivity Carbon Flux A water temperature which inheres in water close to the surface of an ocean or sea. The exact meaning of surface varies according to the measurement method used, but it is between 1 millimetre (0.04 in) and 20 metres (70 ft) below the sea surface. 2020-11-04T19:43:19Z Sea Surface Temperature Indicator http://purl.dataone.org/odo/ECSO_00001523 SST temperature of sea surface ocean surface temperature temperature of the ocean surface Ice which has formed by the freezing of sea (saline) water. 2020-11-04T19:43:23Z Sea Ice Indicator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00002200 2020-12-03T22:29:42Z Arctic Report Card Supporting Dataset Vital Signs are indicators of the state of the Arctic environmental system. They are assessed using measurements of and/or proxies for Key Variables. inferred from https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card 2020-11-05T00:43:25Z Arctic Vital Signs Vital Signs are indicators of the state of the Arctic environmental system. They are assessed using measurements of and/or proxies for Key Variables. Issued annually since 2006, the Arctic Report Card is a timely and peer-reviewed source for clear, reliable and concise environmental information on the current state of different components of the Arctic environmental system relative to historical records. The Report Card is intended for a wide audience, including scientists, teachers, students, decision-makers and the general public interested in the Arctic environment and science. Find current and past assessments of the Arctic Report Card Vital Signs by visiting: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card 2020-12-03T22:30:07Z Arctic Report Card Supporting Dataset for the 2020 Report 2020-11-05T23:04:20Z Measurements and/or proxies used in the assessments of Arctic Report Card Essays. Arctic Key Variable Arctic Target Variables Measurements and/or proxies for assessing the 2020 Arctic Vital Signs. 2020-11-05T23:04:37Z Arctic Key Variables 2020 The height of a given point in the atmosphere in units proportional to the potential energy of unit mass (geopotential) at this height relative to sea level. 2020-11-05T23:06:48Z This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Surface Air Temperature.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/835/Surface-Air-Temperature geopotential height geopotential altitude The sum of mean monthly Land Surface Temperatures (LST) for months with mean temperatures above freezing (>0°C). 2020-11-05T23:07:00Z This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Tundra Greenness.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/838/Tundra-Greenness Summer Warmth Index SWI Air temperature measured two-meters above the land or ocean surface. 2020-11-05T23:07:17Z This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Surface Air Temperature.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/835/Surface-Air-Temperature surface air temperature An air temperature measured in the lower troposphere (i.e. at 925 hPa). 2020-11-05T23:08:13Z This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Surface Air Temperature.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/835/Surface-Air-Temperature near-surface air temperature How much area is covered in snow. 2020-11-05T23:10:34Z This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Terrestrial Snow Cover.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/843/Terrestrial-Snow-Cover snow cover extent SCE How long snow continuously remains on land surfaces. 2020-11-05T23:10:49Z This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Terrestrial Snow Cover.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/843/Terrestrial-Snow-Cover snow cover duration SCD The fractional area coverage of sea ice over a given region. 2020-11-05T23:11:30Z This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Sea Ice.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/841/Sea-Ice sea ice concentration The total volume of sea ice (sea ice thickness multiplied by sea ice concentration) integrated over a given area. 2020-11-05T23:12:03Z This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Sea Ice.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/841/Sea-Ice sea ice volume The distance between the bottom of the ice to the top surface of the ice. 2020-11-05T23:12:13Z This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Sea Ice.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/841/Sea-Ice sea ice thickness The duration of time a particular area of sea ice has persisted in its solid state. 2020-11-05T23:12:34Z This Target Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Sea Ice.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/841/Sea-Ice age of sea ice The duration of time a particular area of sea ice has persisted in its solid state. Age of sea ice is calculated using data from the National Snow & Ice Data Center (NSIDC). The loss of solid ice from a glacier into the ocean via calving. 2020-11-05T23:13:10Z This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Greenland Ice Sheet.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/842/Greenland-Ice-Sheet solid ice discharge The loss of solid ice from a glacier into the ocean via calving. The rate of solid ice discharge depends on the speed of glacier ice flow, the thickness of the ice, and the advance or retreat of the terminus of the glacier. The fraction of solar radiation reflected by a surface. 2020-11-05T23:13:19Z This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign, 'Greenland Ice Sheet.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/842/Greenland-Ice-Sheet surface albedo Difference in Arctic land air temperature form the 1981-2010 mean (a positive anomaly is a higher temperature; a negative anomaly is a lower temperature). 2020-11-05T23:13:32Z This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Surface Air Temperature.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/835/Surface-Air-Temperature Arctic land air temperature anomaly Difference in global temperature from the 1981-2010 mean (a positive anomaly is a higher temperature; a negative anomaly is a lower temperature). 2020-11-05T23:13:49Z This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Surface Air Temperature.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/835/Surface-Air-Temperature global land air temperature anomaly Difference in seasonal or annual air temperatures from the 1981-2010 mean (a positive anomaly is a higher temperature; a negative anomaly is a lower temperature). 2020-11-05T23:14:06Z This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Surface Air Temperature.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/835/Surface-Air-Temperature seasonal/annual anomaly patterns for air temperatures Quasi-liquid film that can occur on the surface of a solid even below melting point; the thickness of the film is temperature dependent. 2020-11-05T23:14:24Z This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Greenland Ice Sheet.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/842/Greenland-Ice-Sheet surface melt The net balance between mass gain vs. mass loss. 2020-11-05T23:14:38Z This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Greenland Ice Sheet.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/842/Greenland-Ice-Sheet total mass balance The net balance between mass gain vs. mass loss. Total mass balance is commonly applied for measuring land ice (glaciers and ice sheets). It is typically measured over one year, which includes one accumulation season plus one ablation season (often September - August for the Arctic) Net balance between ice gained (via accumulation) vs. ice loss (via ablation) at the surface. 2020-11-05T23:14:51Z This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Greenland Ice Sheet.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/842/Greenland-Ice-Sheet surface mass balance Net balance between ice gained (via accumulation) vs. ice loss (via ablation) at the surface. Surface mass balance is commonly applied for measuring land ice (glaciers and ice sheets). Loss in ice mass due to melting, sublimation, evaporation, ice calving, aeolian processes like blowing snow, avalanche, and any other ablation. 2020-11-05T23:15:01Z This Key Variable was used to inform the Vital Sign, 'Greenland Ice Sheet.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/842/Greenland-Ice-Sheet ice ablation ice ablation zone: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000914 glacial ice ablation process: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000919 The annual change in total ice area of a marine-terminating glacier as a result of the advance or retreat of the terminal end of a glacier. 2020-11-05T23:15:16Z This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign, 'Greenland Ice Sheet.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/842/Greenland-Ice-Sheet marine terminating glacier front annual area change The large-scale movement of air, and together with ocean circulation, is the means by which thermal energy is redistributed on the surface of the earth. 2020-11-06T00:49:30Z This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Surface Air Temperature.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/835/Surface-Air-Temperature atmospheric wind circulation https://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Wind 2020-11-06T04:35:46Z Issued annually since 2006, the Arctic Report Card is a timely and peer-reviewed source for clear, reliable and concise environmental information on the current state of different components of the Arctic environmental system relative to historical records. The Report Card is intended for a wide audience, including scientists, teachers, students, decision-makers and the general public interested in the Arctic environment and science. The main website for the Arctic Report Card as of Nov 1, 2020 is: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card Arctic Report Card Component 2020-11-06T04:47:36Z sea ice key variable 2020-11-06T04:48:36Z snow key variable 2020-11-06T04:51:42Z surface-based key variable 2020-11-06T04:59:24Z Arctic Report Card 2020 Component 2020-11-06T16:07:02Z Place 2020-11-19T00:56:31Z Essays are indicators of the state of the Arctic environmental system. They are assessed using measurements of and/or proxies for Key Variables. Essays are classified under one of three categories: Vital Signs, Other Indicators, and Frostbites. Arctic Report Card Essay 2020-12-01T01:21:33Z Other Indicators 2020-12-01T01:21:50Z Frostbites 2020-12-01T01:25:18Z MaxNDVI is the peak NDVI value for the year and is related to the annual maximum biomass of aboveground vegetation that is reached in midsummer (typically late July or early August). MaxNDVI 2020-12-01T01:28:06Z TI (time-integrated) NDVI is the sum of the biweekly NDVI values for the growing season and is correlated with the total aboveground vegetation productivity. TI-NDVI TI (time-integrated) NDVI 2020-11-06T16:08:24Z Greenland 2020-11-06T16:16:13Z Greenland Ice Sheet 2020-11-07T01:31:38Z Arctic Ocean Arctic Sea ECSO_00000324 Particulate Organic Carbon POC 2020-12-02T18:39:21Z The depth of water contained within a snowpack if the snowpack were melted instantly. https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glossary/ snow water equivalent This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Terrestrial Snow Cover.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/843/Terrestrial-Snow-Cover NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index 2020-11-05T23:06:29Z A remotely sensed indicator of the quantity of aboveground vegetation in an area of land (pixel size). Calculated from distinct wavelengths of visible and near-infrared sunlight reflected by a vegetated land surface. NDVI is calculated using the equation: the near-infrared reflectance minus the red reflectance, divided by near-infrared reflectance plus red reflectance. This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Tundra Greenness.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/838/Tundra-Greenness 2020-11-05T23:08:29Z This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Sea Surface Temperature.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/840/Sea-Surface-Temperature sea surface temperature SST temperature of sea surface ocean surface temperature temperature of the ocean surface A water temperature which inheres in water close to the surface of an ocean or sea. The exact meaning of surface varies according to the measurement method used, but it is between 1 millimetre (0.04 in) and 20 metres (70 ft) below the sea surface. Chlorophyll-a is a specific form of chlorophyll used in oxygenic photosynthesis. This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Arctic Ocean Primary Productivity.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/839/Arctic-Ocean-Primary-Productivity-The-Response-of-Marine-Algae-to-Climate-Warming-and-Sea-Ice-Decline chlorophyll-a concentration 2020-11-05T23:10:23Z Depth of snow, which is precipitation in the form of flakes of crystalline water ice that falls from clouds. 2020-11-05T23:10:59Z snow depth This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Terrestrial Snow Cover.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/843/Terrestrial-Snow-Cover This Key Variable is used to inform Vital Sign 'Sea Ice.' See the 2019 Essay here: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/841/Sea-Ice Defines a region as "ice-covered' or "not ice-covered" based on a threshold percentage of sea ice concentration per data cell. 2020-11-05T23:11:42Z sea ice extent Defines a region as "ice-covered' or "not ice-covered" based on a threshold percentage of sea ice concentration per data cell. A threshold of 15% is used for the Arctic Report Card assessments and is the most commonly used threshold. Geographic Named Place 2020-11-06T16:06:54Z General class for containing places and locations referenced in the Arctic Report Card wasInfluencedBy 2020-12-01T17:55:14Z DOC Dissolved Organic Carbon List